Winter 2002

Extreme weather in the Northeast delayed or prevented some members from attending Convention 2002 (December 5-6, 2002) in Cleveland, OH. However, due to the partnership with the USEA Annual Meeting, over 400 attendees had the opportunity to hear our safety message. Good attendance at our presentations, many compliments from attendees, officials and media, and excellent discussion were an indication that our message was well received.

The meeting started with a strategic planning session to examine and plan for the merging of AMEA and SRF. A Board Meeting followed, to formalize the merger and to establish immediate and temporary plans. After the USEA Board of Governors Welcome Reception, a small group attended the AMEA/SRF Banquet. Unfortunately, due to the weather, many conference goers were late in arriving, and therefore missed the banquet and awards ceremony. Scheduling conflicts would not allow us to reschedule the banquet later. Those awards recipients who were delayed, received their awards immediately following their presentations at the meeting.

Prior to the merger of AMEA and SRF, the AMEA had already set it’s sights on diversifying both membership and target audiences to include not only medical professionals, but equine professionals and equestrians. Therefore, Friday’s schedule included experts speaking on mapping, barn safety, concussion research, legal issues, emergency preparedness and rehabilitation from equestrian accidents. All sessions were well attended, especially Tim Hadaway of British Eventing’s presentation on horse/rider fall research and frangible fencing. Over 200 people attended Tim’s session, which inspired productive discussions with the folks that design event courses. Finally, many speakers attended and contributed to USEA Committee meetings, especially those involving Instructors’ Certification, Safety, Area Chairs, and Course Design.

The program was well received and the AMEA/SRF gained many new members and donations from the attendees and potential future sponsors. The successful merger of the two organizations has started on the right foot. AMEA will continue to provide and disseminate medical and scientific research to the sport participants, while the SRF brings a means to assist injured riders to the organization. Future goals include broadening our reach to other equestrian disciplines in order to spread the message of safety and accident prevention to all riders.

Special thanks are extended to our sponsors: USEA Safety Committee, American Equestrian Insurance Group, Phoenix Performance Products, Aussie Rider, and the Event Derby Series. Without their generous financial support, we could not have had such a successful convention.

Finally, the USEA staff should be commended for going beyond the call of duty to facilitate this joint meeting opportunity. The coordination between USEA and the staff of the Marriott Cleveland Renaissance Hotel was superb. The USEA’s support and partnership with AMEA/SRF further proves that the message of safety is being recognized and valued by national equestrian organizations. AMEA/SRF extends a sincere thank you to USEA for providing leadership in the safety arena.

We hope to see you next year and look forward to suggestions of how to improve our program to benefit the sport.

There are a few copies of the Proceedings Manual for AMEA/SRF Convention 2002 available. This manual, expertly put together and edited by Drs. Betsy Greene and Doris Bixby-Hammett, contains information about our organization, sponsors and a synopsis of each presentation. To purchase copies of the manual contact the AMEA/SRF.

A year ago, a tragedy brought a group of people together in a strange way. My new friend Wanda was riding Mozart on cross-country at a wonderful event in New Mexico. At the last fence, something went terribly wrong and they fell. I arrived while the event medical personnel were in route. Wanda was critically injured and not breathing. As we began to treat her, one bystander (a Nurse Anesthetist) offered to help. Other bystanders, including an Anesthesiologist and an Emergency Physician, also offered assistance. As EMS and non-medical bystanders worked together as a special team, Wanda was stabilized and was transported by helicopter to a trauma center.

That night many of us talked about what we could do to help equestrian sports. Wendy Wergeles and Jeffray Ryding had been talking for some time about an organization called the Safe Riders Foundation (SRF) that could help riders injured during equestrian sports. I reminded the group that the AMEA had been around for quite some time helping to prevent accidents through research and education. There was more discussion. Could there be an organization in the United States that could do both? We continued talking, and talking and talking…

Today that dream is a reality. After many volunteer hours and much work from both organizations, the American Medical Equestrian Association/Safe Riders Foundation has been formed. Our new organization exists to primarily prevent accidents by education and research. We also will stand ready to assist injured riders within all equestrian sports. Whether clinical, financial or emotional assistance is needed, we will try to provide. The sky is the limit with the proper support.

What kind of support is needed? First, networking and marketing of our organization is very important. Within equestrian sports, word of mouth spreads fast, so spread the word! AMEA/SRF is here to help. Second, financial support is very important. We have to be able to support our efforts with money from donations, corporate sponsors or trusts. Third, clinical support is necessary from physicians, physical therapists, occupational therapists, or anyone in the business of rehabilitation that can offer donated or discounted assistance. Finally, yet importantly, anyone interested in helping with prevention or research to continue our long standing efforts should contact the AMEA/SRF.

As we take on these new challenges and directions with the merger, we are always looking for advice and assistance. Please contact us if you have constructive ideas. Within equestrian sports, we have always been good to help one another, and this is another way to keep this tradition alive. Please stay tuned to our newsletter, website and mail outs for further information.

Due to the efforts of a team that came together in a strange way, Wanda has fully recovered. I saw her again this summer, and was overwhelmed at her recovery after extensive (expensive) medical treatment and therapy. Sadly, Mozart died during his fall. As I watched him fall, I know he twisted, breaking his neck to keep from falling on his special friend. He gave his life to save hers. What a hero.

As we embark on our new endeavor, what are you willing to contribute? We are not asking that you give your life, as Mozart did. We are just asking for a little time, a little support or a little money. What are you willing to do for your special friends? Think about it.

A Note from the President

Happy New Year to one and all. Great changes are in store for 2003. The newly merged AMEA/SRF has a new name, new logo, and new blood. All of this bodes well for the safety of riders in the future. A conference call is being arranged for the new Board of Directors to continue to chart our path. We need your input and your energy to continue to move this organization forward. Sign up, join up and tell your friends. This is an opportunity to support a not for profit organization meant to meet the safety needs of riders in North America. Research and education are still the keys to prevention, and prevention is the best treatment for rider injuries. The “AMEA” part of the AMEA/SRF still has the same goals for education and research, and SRF will add the element of rider support after the injury or accident has occurred.

I was recently able to attend a lecture on mild traumatic brain injury given by Dr Grant Iverson of the University of British Columbia. He has collaborated with Michael Collins and Lovell in Pittsburgh on brain injury research from a neuropsychological point of view. The bad news is that changes occur with as little as 5 minutes of mild disorientation. A cascade of metabolic changes occurs that does not peak for 24 to 72 hours, and is worsened by activity. The good news is that the changes after 10 days to 3 months are virtually gone. At one year, any remaining changes are more likely due to depression or chronic pain, than to actual brain damage. Remember, this is mild brain trauma, usually with no loss of consciousness. The good news is that education, reassurance and follow-up availability markedly decreases the anxiety and consequences of the injury. People who know what to expect are less likely to panic or get depressed when they feel the usual non-specific head trauma symptoms. They improve more rapidly with less long-term sequelae.

The AMEA /SRF deals with all types of rider injury but it all still boils down to, "You can't ice the brain." We have a good tool to prevent these injuries, the ASTM/SEI approved helmet, and we will continue our efforts to promote it. Other aspects of safety for riders requires research, education and support as well, but it is reassuring that research by the likes of Lovell, Iverson and Collins is going forward. Anyone doing injury research needs to be encouraged, and if you have ideas for research or education in rider safety please contact us. Your ideas and suggestions are greatly appreciated.

Pat Comerford, Extension Horse Program Coordinator at Pennsylvania State University, was the 2002 Ayer-Hammett Award recipient. Pat has provided leadership in the equine industry for youth safety programs through her involvement in the American Youth Horse Council (AYHC) and her extension responsibilities. She makes the effort to research, find, and disseminate the most up-to-date materials to her leaders and colleagues. Although her primary focus area includes Equine/youth extension (4-H) programs, she has also had extensive involvement with equine adult extension programs and with undergraduate courses in equine studies. In fact, until this past summer when Penn State hired an additional Extension Horse Specialist, Pat has single handedly met the needs of equine clientele throughout the state of Pennsylvania.

Pat has succeeded in gaining respect of her peers, clientele and administration due to her strong integrity, leadership skills, and the ability to follow projects through to completion. Pat is always extremely motivated, and very well organized. It is not a coincidence that AYHC has become a prominent voice in the equine industry during Pat’s tenure in the President position.

In addition to her all encompassing equine extension accomplishments, Pat has been involved with key activities that promote Equine Safety. Pat took on an educational and leadership role that put people first. In doing so, she has successfully developed industry relations and extension programs that are local, state, regional, and national in scope and recognition. She has edited and published the National Youth Horse Safety Manual for the American Youth Horse Council. Pat has been involved in the development of a number of innovative programs with youth horsemanship educational programming that puts safety and youth first. Pat is a team player. Her leadership in the “Agricultural Safety” area has moved this educational programming area from a hand full of extension agents to being a national initiative. Pat Comerford is an excellent and qualified recipient for the 2002 Ayer-Hammett Award. Congratulations, Pat!

This was a remarkable year for the AMEA/SRF. What began as a year with an uncertain future of AMEA organizational direction, turned out to be a year of successes and miracles. One result of an evaluation process was the joining of two equine safety related organizations with parallel missions to form the new American Medical Equestrian Association/Safe Riders Foundation (AMEA/SRF). None of this could have happened without cooperation and teamwork, intestinal fortitude and imagination of many people involved with both organizations.

Many persons were instrumental in contribution to and strengthening of AMEA’s efforts to provide a valuable service to equestrian sports. The Executive Director’s Awards recognize the people and/or organizations that have contributed greatly to accomplishing the AMEA/SRF goals during the past year. The three recipients for 2002 are most deserving.

The Equine Law and Horsemanship Safety web site (http://www.law.utexas.edu/dawson/) contains comprehensive resource materials on equine law and horsemanship safety. Both the legal and horsemanship materials are suitable for use by law students, lawyers, and the general public. The materials are updated each week with new law cases for horsemen within days after they have been decided by the courts and with other materials, as they become available¹.

Robert (Bob) Dawson, JD holds the Bryant Chair in Law at the University of Texas School of Law, where he has taught for 35 years. He teaches criminal law, juvenile law, and he team-teaches (with his wife Jan) the only equine law course being taught in any American law school. Bob’s computer expertise allows him to keep his Equine Law and Horsemanship Safety and the American Association for Horsemanship Safety, Inc. (AAHS) websites up-to-date with current equine law issues, statutes, regulations, safety information, and court cases.

For several years, Bob has generously donated his time and efforts to convert the “AMEA News” issues to web format, and has provided a home for the AMEA News archives. Without Bob and AAHS, the AMEA/SRF could not have provided valuable safety information via the World Wide Web. For more information on AAHS, go to http://www.horsemanshipsafety.com/.

Anyone familiar with our organization recognizes Dr. Hammett’s name. There is no way to put in print all of her contributions to the AMEA/SRF. Doris was a founding member of the original AMEA and initially fulfilled the duties of Executive Director while she was a practicing pediatrician and an active rider. At some point and time, she also found time to raise a family. Doris has reviewed safety reports from all the major equestrian organizations and has contributed significantly to major equestrian-related injuries and prevention studies. She is a Safety Consultant for the United States Pony Club, an honorary Board Member of the Medical Equestrian Association of England and Consulting Editor for the AMEA/SRF News. As Director Emeritus, Doris continues to write articles, answer e-mails, and provide invaluable information and assistance to the board.

From the start of my career with the AMEA/SRF, Doris has provided me with valuable assistance with all aspects of my job.

Elizabeth (Betsy) Greene, Ph.D. was recommended by Jan Dawson of AAHS as a potential Board Member who would help our organization move into the future. She has done just that. As Extension Equine Specialist for the University of Vermont, Betsy is involved in all areas of equestrian sports and is a good example to all with regards to safety.

Betsy is a key player in helping us to reach our goal of diversifying our organizational membership to reach laypersons as well as medical professionals. As Technical Editor of the AMEA/SRF News she has worked to make our quarterly publication appealing and understandable to all within the sport. She also was very instrumental in assistance with our recent merger and provided great assistance in coordinating and planning our convention. At the last minute, she was burning the midnight oil to complete our proceedings manual.

She is always willing to give advice, provide support and her sense of humor has helped me keep my sanity during difficult times.

Please join me in congratulating some individuals who have helped our organization thrive and move forward. I look forward to 2003’s awards to further recognize others who help AMEA/SRF achieve its mission. Teamwork and dedication has paid off and our sport will continue to benefit from the contribution of AMEA/SRF.

In parts I and II (AMEA NEWS March and June 2002) of profiling equestrians injured at home, we have considered various factors associated with the accident including “feeling states” (depression, nervousness and anger), attributed cause(s) of the accident, safety practices both before and after the accident, and the nature of the physical injuries. In addition, gait and behavior of the horse at the time of the accident were reported. In Part III, we present data on the level of enjoyment experienced by riders subsequent to the accident. We also provide information on the choice of coping methods used by riders who experienced depression, nervousness, or anger because of the accident.

The majority (78%) of respondents reported that they enjoyed riding once they returned to the saddle, while only 9% felt that they enjoyed riding “a little or not at all” after the accident. Level of depression (rp (444) = -.324, p = .000) and nervousness (rp (438) = -.422, p= .000) that were present after the accident were significantly related to subsequent enjoyment of riding. A high level of depression or nervousness reported by a rider at the time of the accident corresponded with less enjoyment when riding was resumed. When respondents were asked to rate any changes in enjoyment level (either increases or decreases in enjoyment) since the accident, 49% indicated that it had remained the same. Sixteen percent felt that they were enjoying their riding and their horses more post accident than before. However, 35% reported less enjoyment after the accident.

Part I of this study reported that approximately 40% of the participants experienced slight to moderate feelings of depression and/or nervousness and/or anger within twenty-four hours of an accident. Approximately 29% reported that they were very depressed, 35% very nervous and 2% very angry immediately after an accident. Respondents were asked, “What did you do to alleviate these feelings?” Seventy percent of the participants reported their coping strategies. The table below gives strategies provided by at least 5% of respondents.

In traditional attribution studies, riders/handlers are presented with a list of internal and external causes from which to choose from to assign causality of the accident. Riders will more often blame external factors for the negative outcomes (their accidents). In the present study, because the accident involved a horse, the “personality of the horse” was often attributed as the cause of the accident. When given the opportunity to select possible causes and to add some of their own, equestrians were almost equally split in terms of selecting a single cause of the accident (54%) or selecting multiple causes (46%). For the “multiple cause” group, myriad factors are seen as influencing their accidents. For the “single cause” group, rider error was most frequently selected. However, this “internal” cause seemed to be viewed by the respondents as a rider error that could have happened to anyone, and was not viewed as an internal cause.

Some attributions may be more counterproductive than others. Blaming the accident on Divine Intervention, for example, may make those riders less open to better safety precautions, to more lessons, or to acquiring a safer horse, etc. On the other hand, riders that get so involved on blaming themselves and attributing the accident to internal causes may do well to use more of the “this could happen to anyone” attitude and get back on their horses. Observers tended to see the accidents as caused by factors internal to the rider, namely, rider ability and rider effort. Equestrians need to be mindful of this difference in perspective when we judge an equestrian accident. How we select from internal or external causes seem to be largely determined by whether we are in the saddle or standing on the rail.

Physically, the riders/handlers were able to return to the sport, on average, in 2.3 months. Psychologically, the after effects of riding accidents last longer {e.g. depression (4.67 months), nervousness (8.7 months) or anger (5.73 months)}. Five riders were completely healed physically, but have not ridden since the accident. Another nine percent (41 riders) did not enjoy their riding at all or very little after the accident.

The psychological after-effects from riding accidents need to be addressed. An interesting discovery found in examining the responses was that not one of these 35%, who felt decreased enjoyment in their riding post accident, mentioned access to a “Steady Eddy” type horse after the accident. Respondents who did (around 13% of the total sample) could not praise their equine rescuer enough. Some “Eddies” were already in the barn as retirees and lovingly endured weeks of “simply walking” to give their owners a renewed sense of confidence. Some “Eddies” came on loan from friends and instructors. Others were purchased on the advice of caring and supportive trainers, instructors and friends. The “Eddies” came in all shapes and sizes, from an ancient little Welsh ridden by an older lady, to a dead quiet, quarter-type Molly mule, to an 18-hand elderly Appaloosa Draft cross. The “Steady Eddy” horses did immeasurable help.

In addition, many riders expressed a need to talk about their accidents with someone who would understand and listen to them. Friends, riding buddies and/or sympathetic, supportive spouses were invaluable. However, sometimes respondents did not have access to such a person or they needed more “listening” and more support that a non-professional could provide. Riders who used therapists to help alleviate negative psychological states reported this to be beneficial. Likewise, respondents who used sport psychologists who were also equestrians, benefited greatly.

Equestrians need to rethink the old adage, “you fall off, get back on and don’t think about it.” Riders do need to think about it and do need to work through their feelings. They may need help in the form of a trained psychology professional to do so. This is certainly not true for every fall. For some falls that require medical intervention and rehabilitation, the possibility of psychological support should also be part of the treatment. With the undeniable medical expense of these equestrian accidents and with recent issues in the insurance industry, we, as equestrians, should police ourselves and insist on the highest standards of safety and equipment. The alternative might be to have some agency or insurance company limit riding or deny coverage!

Accidents are an inevitable part of life. To those of us who love horses, riding makes living more enjoyable. My purpose in doing this research was not to eliminate accidents. We all have a serious responsibility to minimize their frequency and severity and to know how to deal with their psychological consequences.

The buck, rear, bolt, spin, spook, and run out at a jump are part of the behavior of some horses. These can be a large part of the behavior of some horses. Occasionally, even the sweetest, best-trained, most consistent horse in the world can engage in any of these. These negative equine behaviors were associated with 60% of the mounted accidents reported. Respondents also reported well-known accident scenarios where the rider forgot to tighten a girth, the equipment failed, the saddle slipped, or the rider simply lost his/her balance and fell. However, other accidents or incidents that seemed less common and less well known include:

When sand or dirt was left on the surface of the mounting block, several riders sustained injuries as they attempted to mount. Their slipping and sliding or the sound of the grit on the plastic-mounting block caused several horses to spook, spin or bolt. Others were injured because their hands were caught in the reins when the horse bolted from the sounds of the slipping and sliding. Others fell because the mounting block was not balanced and/or secured properly.

Several respondents reported that two people working around a horse should communicate clearly and often to each other. Several riders sustained injuries when they were working on their horses’ front feet or placing protective boots on the horse’s legs and the trainer or assistant tightened the girth. Several riders were working behind their horses, when a second person (at the horse’s head) disciplined the animal, adjusted a bridle abruptly, or decided to pull the horse’s mane.

When selecting equine professionals (trainers, instructors, barn managers, grooms, barn personnel etc.), you should discuss and/or have in writing what you prefer done in an emergency. While it is very hard to legislate or guarantee common sense in an emergency situation, respondents indicated that a simple discussion “pre-accident” with their trainers or instructors or the managers/owners of their boarding facilities might have saved them hours of agony and reduced the risk of worse injury. Some horrible examples were:

Ø The instructor refused to call an ambulance for an injured rider whose galloping horse had fallen on her. The instructor decided that the injuries were not serious and proceeded to drive the injured rider (whose diagnosis was fractured ribs) to a hospital, and chose to stop for gas on the way.

Ø Several riders recounted incidences where they knew their backs were injured or their legs were broken, and informed their instructors. However, they were “required” to mount and to continue the lesson. Only after several more complaints on their parts was something done. Several were taken to the bathroom and helped into a warm tub, and in two cases riders were given a stiff drink of whiskey to “cure what ails” them. In both of these last cases, the riders had fractured their spines.

Ø Several riders mentioned accidents that might have been minimized had the staff or owners of the farm been more alert and more aware of simple safety precautions. One example involved a ladder that was left precariously resting against the wall of the barn on a very windy day. The respondent had severe medical consequences when it landed on both her and the horse she was leading.

Ø Several riders mentioned that they were mounting green horses when the owners of the boarding farms let their dogs out for a run. The farm owners seemed to have no idea of the potential dangers, and offered no assistance. Amazingly, as one rider was being pitched through the air, the farm owner yelled, “try not to upset the dogs.”

Ø Several riders had accidents involving loading and unloading their horses in a trailer. These persons emphasized the importance of asking only another horse person whom you know and respect, and if have seen his/her behavior around horses for assistance. The typical incident (and there were several of these reported) involved an assistant positioned at the head of the horse. He /she was supposedly helping with the loading of a difficult, reluctant, frightened horse with previously bad trailering experiences. Unfortunately, these assistants “disciplined” the horse either by “whacking it a good one” or screaming at it. The horse backed out of the trailer, bringing the unsecured ramp down on top of the owner and trampling the owner in the process. The injuries in these cases were some of the most horrific that were reported.

When their horses shied, spooked or spun, the bareback pads slipped and/or rotated under their bellies. In addition to the riders being thrown from the horse, the feeling of the pad under the horse’s belly caused them to panic. Riders were kicked in the head, face, or shoulders as the horses tried to kick or buck free from the pad.

Accidents occurred when owners insisted that although the horse had never been ridden English (or Western), he wouldn’t mind! In another case, respondents were not told that the horse was blind. In a familiar ring, with great footing, the horse did relatively well. When the rider was granted permission to take it on the trail, things became ugly. One woman (she had asked for permission) attempted to jump the horse over a little log with disastrous consequences. As they waited for the ambulance, the owner mentioned that he guessed she now knew the horse had a vision problem.

Several riders suffered negative consequences when they were given an unbroken horse to try for potential purchase. Typically, riders called about a horse for sale and were interested in trying it out. The owner was not present, but had instructed someone else to show the horse to the prospective buyer, and the wrong horse was shown. For example, one friend of the owner could not remember “which one of the bays was trained to ride and which one was totally unbroken!” She guessed wrong. When another prospective buyer regained consciousness from being bucked off an unbroken two-year-old, the barn worker shrugged that all chestnuts look alike.

As indicated throughout the report, more work remains to be done on profiling both the attributed accident causes and emotions of injured equestrians. In addition, we need to be mindful that this data was retrospective in nature. Many sports psychologists prefer predictive studies or, at least, data collected “at the scene”. This is impossible to do with “at home” riding accidents. Large riding schools or programs, university courses, Pony Club, etc. may be able to do those kinds of studies. However, this research, although it was retrospective and self-reported, still offers some valid insights into equestrians’ attributions and emotions after a horse-related injury.

Susan Anthony-Tolbert, PhD is Professor of Psychology and Director of the Undergraduate Psychology Program at Gallaudet University located in Washington, DC. To contact the author, please e-mail her at susan.anthony@gallaudet.edu .

The AMEA/SRF appreciates her time and effort with this extensive study and article.

The United States Pony Club (USPC) has reported accidents involving its members to the Safety Committee since 1979. Accidents are reported regardless of whether or not they result in injuries. Age, gender, rating, cause of accident, site of the accident, and if there is an injury, type of injury, body location, and treatment is tabulated by the Safety Committee. The Safety Committee uses this information to give an annual report to the Board of Governors, and if indicated, make recommendations aimed at providing the safest possible experience for our children.

One hundred accidents were reported during USPC activities in the year 2001, of which 95 resulted in injuries. This represents a decrease from last year’s total of 110 accidents reported, but within the range of accident reports from prior years (81 in 1999, 130 in 1998, and 106 in 1997). However, since 36 of these were reported at Nationals/Festival, it appears likely that accidents were under reported in 2001, especially when compared with the 130 reported during the previous Nationals/Festival year of 1998.

The charts below compare the percentages of children in each category for the years 1999 through 2001. The word "pony" is used loosely to refer to both horses and ponies.

The table above shows the percentage of each year’s accident reports for the last three years broken down by the ratings of pony clubbers (PCers) involved in accidents, along with the percentages of PCers ratings reflected in the 2001 USPC membership. Removing the reports from Nationals/Festival and those without rating information leads to the percentages reported in the column labeled “2001 w/o Natls/Fest.” Comparing these with figures from 1999 shows that the percentage of accidents involving unrated pony clubbers increased substantially, while the C2 percentage decreased substantially. Based on the table values, our unrated and D-level PCers are a group that is particularly vulnerable to injuries. The data should serve as a reminder that care needs to be taken to assure that they are always in safe, secure situations, where they are suitably mounted, and not being pushed to do things before they are ready. PCers in the D-C1 ratings (which account for over half the membership as group) consistently account for over sixty percent of the reported accidents.

Coping Strategies Reported	Percent of Respondents:
Coping Strategies Reported	Depression	Nervousness	Anger
Talking to self, spouse, friends and analyzing the accident and feelings.	20	18	30
Simply ride - just ride, ride and ride.	16	15	15
Receive therapy and meditation (cognitive, relaxation, sports psychology were therapies mentioned most often.)	12	13	5
Beg, Borrow, Buy and Celebrate the “Steady Eddy” type of horse.	10	8	5
Medication.	6	5	5
Take more lessons.	5	5	4
Change riding disciplines.	5	5	5
Change instructors.	5	5	5
Read horse magazines and books.	5	5	8
Simply hang out with horses.	5	5	n/a
Accept that things happen and let it go!	n/a	n/a	25
Rest.	6	5	n/a
Cry it out.	n/a	n/a	5
Take a vacation from horses and be pampered.	5	n/a	n/a
Exercise other than riding.	n/a	5	5

	Percent
Rating	1999	2000	2001	2001 w/o Natls/Fest	2001 Membership
Adult			1
UNR	7	5	9	16	22
D1	12	15	11	19	14
D2	27	27	17	26	21
D3	12	24	10	12	15
C1	12	15	17	19	12
C2	14	10	11	3	8
C3	6	1	8	2	4
B	4	0	3	2	2
H, HA, A	0	3	3	2	2
N/A	5	0	10

	Percent
Age	1999	2000	2001	2001 Membership
5 & under	1	0	0	0
6 to 8	5	3	4	6

Winter 2002/2003, Vol. XIII, Number 4

A Note from the President